Crude oil exports a new statebystate analysis shows that 18 u. Venezuelas oil exports are headed toward zero forbes. The density of crude oil and liquid hydrocarbons is usually reported in terms of specific gravity sg or relative density, defined as the density of the liquid material at 60f 15. The american petroleum institute reports inventory levels of us crude oil, gasoline and distillates stocks. Kearl is a heavy, high sulfur diluted bitumen that is ideal for refineries with heavy crude capabilities. Brent crude, named after a goose, comes from the north sea. About us whats new help center jobs api become a partner. An api gravity lower than 10 means the oil is denser than water and will sink in it. This oil is also light and sweet, with an api gravity of 38. In addition to the practically infinite mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds that form crude oil, sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are usually present in small but often important quantities. Types of saudi crude oils the saudi arabian oil is distinct of the diversity. The api gravity is defined as crude oils api 10 50, crude oils can generally be classified according to api as shown the definition of specific gravity for gases is somewhat different. But in a world awash in cheap oil, customers in those regions can easily find crude. North sea brent crude refers to a type of crude oil that is extracted from the north sea in the area between the shetland islands and norway.
Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. While it has no units of measurement, an oils rating is expressed as api degrees. It is present in the medium and heavy fractions of crude oils. Globaldata recently projected that venezuela s crude oil production would drop to one million barrels per day by the end of the year. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Iraq to launch new basrah crude oil grade over quality. Of the worlds known api oil, the large deposits of canada and venezuela together may account for about 5565%. American petroleum institute s inverted scale for denoting the lightness or heaviness of crude oils and other liquid hydrocarbons.
Api gravity is one of the key characteristics of crude oil that, along with other characteristics such as sulfur content, is used by refiners when evaluating different crude streams for processing into petroleum products. Lpg must be stored at a low pressure or be heated in order to remain in the liquid state. These grades are valued differently by refiners based on their crude qualities. The scale is inversely related to the density of water. Apr 20, 2016 specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products 1. Therefore, the measurements of more simple properties such as flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity have become standard chemical. If an oils api gravity is greater than 10 the gravity of water, it is lighter than water and will. In the international petroleum industry, crude oil products are traded on various oil bourses based on established chemical profiles, delivery locations, and financial terms. The heavy crude oils with the api gravity of lower 22. Refiners on the other hand are more particular and look at more complete assays of the components in a crude to judge its value when processed at their refinery for more details see refinery.
Georgia crude oil production 19942019 data 20202022. The american petroleum institute api defined the api gravity degrees api to quantify the quality of petroleum products and crude oils. There will also be slight changes to the existing grades. Geology and geochemistry of crude oils, bolivar coastal. Venezuelas deteriorating oil quality riles major refiners. F, perlu dilakukan koreksi dengan menggunakan chart yang ada. Crude oil production in georgia remained unchanged at 0. Brent blend is a combination of crude oil from 15 different oil fields in the north sea. Characterization of these products is most complex and often impractical. Why is crude lighter than 45 degree api penalized with a gravity deduction similar to the gravity deduction for crude heavier than 40 degrees api. The united states geological survey uses slightly different ranges. Percentages of total imported crude oil by api gravity.
The american petroleum institute gravity, commonly shortened to api gravity, compares the density of crude to water. Generally, the lighter crudes are more valuable since theyll produce more of the higher valued products. The delivery locations are usually sea ports close to the oil fields from which the crude was obtained and new fields. Crude oil comes in hundreds of different varieties or grades. Classifying crude oil location density light, heavy the scale most commonly used in api gravity. The american petroleum institute s api gravity is a standard to express the specific weight of oils, computed as 141.
There are five types of crude oil are produced from saudi oil fields as follows. Api gravity api gravity express the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. At present the api gravity for the new basket is heavier, at 32. These standards are set by the american petroleum institute api. Bitumen would not flow through a pipeline efficiently, so it is mixed with diluents to be readied for pipeline transportation as diluted bitumen, or dilbit. Whereas a conventional light sweet us crude like the us midwest pricing benchmark west texas intermediate wti crude has an api gravity of 39 and heavy crudes like mexican maya have an api gravity of 20, condensates have an api gravity between 45 and 70. The figure shows how much oil and product is available in storage. Brent crude is a sweet and light crude oil and with a sulfur composition of 0. Quality constraints it is relatively difficult for new grades of crude oil to penetrate the market as refiners will conduct tests to evaluate crude quality and assess refining economics by checking the refined product yield.
The different types of crude oil and how they are classified. The api gravity is used to classify oils as light, medium, heavy, or extra heavy. This page provides georgia crude oil production actual values, historical data. An api of 10 is equivalent to water, which means any oil with an api above 10 will float on water while any with an api below 10 will sink. This measurement reflects how light or heavy a crude oil is compared to water. Api gravity, weighted average refinery crude oil input qualities. W withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. Specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products. Cabinda crude oil assay whole crude heavy naphtha 300400 f gravity, api 32. Fractions based on european and north american markets, and the typical differences in crude oil fractionation in the two markets are also shown.
The capability varies between different refineries. Venezuela is a key source of heavy sour crude supplies for export to the united states, china, india and europe. Comparing venezuelan and canadian heavy oil and tar sands. Determination of specific gravity, and api gravity for petroleum products no. The bolivar coastal fields bcf are located on the eastern margin of lake maracaibo, venezuela. These are classified by the density of the oil as well as its level of sulfur content. Tar sands were therefore said to be characterized as containing bitumen, liquids, or semisolids with viscosities greater than 10,000 centipoise cp at original reservoir temperature, generally corresponding to a specific gravity of less than 10 api at 60f 16c. Different areas of the world produce oil with different properties, namely api gravity and viscosity. Api gravity, sulfur content, and desulfurization of crude oil. Refineries do not process any one crude every refinery can take some mixture of heavy and light, although a heavyconfigured. The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. In total, venezuela s staterun oil firm, pdvsa, exported about 45 million barrels of crude in september 2017, down from over 60 million barrels in february 2016. Crude oil price differentials and differences in oil. Light crude oil is defined as having an api gravity higher than 31.
As the weight of an oil is the largest determinant of its market value, api gravity is exceptionally important. Percentages of total imported crude oil by api gravity percent by interval period. New correlation for viscosity prediction is proposed. Crudes with a high api gravity are termed light, and those with a lower api gravity are heavy. Typically, crude oil quality has an effect on the recovery process insofar as crude oil that contains a higher proportion of the more volatile constituents table 1. Comparison of available correlations for predicting viscosity of crude oils. When referring to oil, an api gravity greater than 31. At this rate of decline, the country may have no more oil for. The api gravity of 10 is associated with very heavy, almost asphaltic, oils. Dont let your crude oils grow up to be condensates api. Shale oil boom leaves the world awash in light sweet crude. Heavy crude is usually defined as having an api gravity below 26, while light crude has a gravity above 35. Approximately 15% is 1020 api oil, and 55% is api, often called extraheavy oil or bitumen.
The facility, which used to produce upgraded crude destined mainly for the u. Penentuan specific gravity berat jenis minyak crude oil dilakukan dengan alat hydrometer, dimana penunjuk specific gravity dapat dibaca langsung pada alat. Api gravity calculator crude oil api gravity chart. Crude densities are described by their api gravity, measured as an inverse of specific gravity. Gasoline, adulteration, specific gravity, api gravity, engine performance, emission, pollutants 1. An api gravity higher than 10 means the oil is less dense than water and will float on it. Jan 05, 2019 a crude stream produced in texas and southern oklahoma which serves as a reference or marker for pricing a number of other crude streams and which is traded in the domestic spot market at cushing, oklahoma. The chemical profiles, or crude oil assays, specify important properties such as the oils api gravity. Producers tend to categorize their crude in terms of two of the most important characteristics the api degrees of gravity and the sulfur content. In general oils with api gravity of 40 45 generate the highest market prices. Exhibit 2 indicates the quality of a typical light crude 35 api and a typical heavy crude 25 api.
Api gravity crude oil is an indispensable starting material for all types of products and various other fuels, oils, and lubricants. Jan 04, 20 it may seem like there is only one kind of this oil but fact is, crude oil is classified into different types. Crude oils classification as either light or heavy depends on the oils relative density, based on the american petroleum institute api gravity. Experimental investigation of api gravity of gasoline in. Oil quality issues could bankrupt venezuela by nick cunningham oct 22, 2017, 6. High accuracy of proposed correlation for heavy crude oil. This type is produced from the offshore fields such as alsafaniah. Above 45 degrees the molecular chains become shorter and less valuable to refineries. Of the worlds known api oil, the large deposits of canada and venezuela together may account for.
What percentage of us refineries are configured for heavy. Opec stands for organization of petroleum exporting countries. Crude oil blends by api gravity and by sulfur content a library of exxonmobil crude oil blends sorted by api gravity and by sulfur content. The value of crude oil production is more than twice that of coal and natural gas, 10 times that of iron ore and almost 20 times that of copper. After decades of decline, crude oil production in the united states has recently been increasing rapidly. One of the types of crude oil derived from the canadian oil sands is bitumen, a heavy, sour oil. Comparison of correlations based on api gravity for. Fresh water api gravity 10 degrees b lagunillas crude oil api gravity 21. Crude oil quality is measured in terms of density and divided into four groups namely. The api degree range elected to define and classify oils has not been standardized. Doba blend crude oil assay whole crude heavy naphtha 300400 f gravity, api 21. Any oils with api gravity of 45 or over have shorter molecular chains which are less desirable to refineries. It is a light, sweet crude with an api gravity of 38. Horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing are now utilized to access oil and natural gas resources from shale rock formations that were previously either technically impossible or uneconomic to produce.
This set of characteristics, combined with its production location us, makes it an ideal crude oil to be refined in the united states. Basically almost all can process heavy sour crude in some manner. Is there really a global shortage of crude oil strategy. It is a collective group of seven different crude oils from algeria, saudi arabia, nigeria, dubai, indonesia, venezuela. Some of the more common crude oil grades that have regular price assessments are. You cant always get out what you put in crude oil pipeline. Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is highlyviscous oil that cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions it is referred to as heavy because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil.
Generally speaking, oil with an api gravity between 40 and 45 commands the highest prices. Light crude oils have an api greater than or equal to 45. Even when fully extracted and processed, oil shale will not yield petroleum of the same quality as light crude. Simple answer the answer lies in realizing that although light crude i. Sulfur is the third most abundant atomic constituent of crude oils. The api gravity also tends to be lower for oil shale, especially for when processing takes place above ground. Opec basket of oil from 7 countries is the sourest, at present the api gravity for the basket is heavier, at 32. Any oil with an api score under 10 degrees sinks in water. Department of petrochemical college of technical engineering duhok polytechnic university practical petroleum properties lab.
Yield structure of crude oils with increasing density of crude yields of different crude oil distillation cuts are plotted as function of whole crude specific gravity. Twocoefficient correlation as a function of api gravity and absolute temperature. The specific gravity table published by the american petroleum institute api is a tool for determining the relative density of various types of oil. In addition, the sulphur content of the new reference basket is more sour at 1.
Aug 23, 2016 use our online api gravity calculator. Some oil can easily be readily refined into gasoline, others with high gravity are more suited to use by the chemicals industry and could not be counted towards the. Api gravity is a measure of density relative to water where liquids that sink in water. Crude oil coming out of the ground or ocean floor is not a uniform product. Basrah heavy willremain largely the same at 23 degrees api and 4% sulfur. Characterization of dobachad heavy crude oil in relation. Lake maracaibo is now in an intermontane basin enclosed on. Heavy merey has an api gravity of 15 and contains 2.
Penentuan specific gravity sg dan api gravity teknik. The partial hydrocracking of a crude oil of american petroleum institute api gravity and viscosity of 6100 cst at 37. Venezuelas pdvsa says petropiar has started operations as. Density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. The crude oil market is significantly larger than that for any other commodity, both in terms of physical production and financial market activity table 1. Calibrated in api degrees or degrees api, it is used universally to expresses a crudes relative density in an inverse measure lighter the crude, higher the api gravity, and vice versa because. For instance, the world petroleum conference classifies heavy oil as those having 1 oapi gravity measurement unit from the american petroleum institute for specific gravity usually applied in petroleum systems.
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